![]() ![]() When supplements were reported, intakes of some micronutrients were excessive (~1000% of US Recommended Dietary Allowance) and above the tolerable upper limit. The contribution of diet supplements was also often not reported. The studies failed to provide details on rationale for different dietary intakes. ![]() The most commonly reported dietary supplements were protein powders/liquids and amino acids. Intake of carbohydrate and fat was 6 months from competition) or immediate post-competition period and lowest during competition preparation (≤6 months from competition) or competition week. Protein intake ranged from 1.9 to 4.3 g/kg for men and from 0.8 to 2.8 g/kg for women. Energy intake ranged from 10 to 24 MJ/day for men and from 4 to 14 MJ/day for women. Study methodological quality was evaluated as poor. Most studies were published in the 1980-1990s, with three published in the past 5 years. The 18 manuscripts meeting eligibility criteria reported on 385 participants (n = 62 women). Included studies needed to report quantitative data (energy and macronutrients at a minimum) on habitual dietary intake of competitive bodybuilders. The search combined permutations of the terms 'bodybuilding', 'dietary intake', and 'dietary supplement'. Our objective was to conduct a systematic review of dietary intake practices of competitive bodybuilders, evaluate the quality and currency of the existing literature, and identify research gaps to inform future studies.Ī systematic search of electronic databases was conducted from the earliest record until March 2014. A more comprehensive understanding of the dietary intakes of bodybuilders has the potential to uncover other dietary approaches, deserving of scientific investigation, with application to the wider sporting, and potential health contexts, where manipulation of physique traits is desired. Although many of the dietary dogmas in bodybuilding lack scientific scrutiny, a number, including timing and dosing of high biological value proteins across the day, have more recently been confirmed as effective by empirical research studies. Competitive bodybuilders are well known for extreme physique traits and extremes in diet and training manipulation to optimize lean mass and achieve a low body fat. ![]()
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